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Nat and IPFW


Previoushome






Nat and IPFW


Introduction

One of the most common things to do with FreeBSD is to use it as a gateway to the internet. Most internet connections have 1 IP assigned to them (via dialup, dhcp, or PPPoE) and have to serve that connection to the whole network.

A D V E R T I S E M E N T
That means that an entire network must share 1 public IP. How is this possible? Well, a concept called NAT or Network Address Translation was invented to do this very thing.

NAT was originally designed to address the lack of IP address space on the internet and also to relieve IP routing tables.




About NAT

So how does this work? Let's take a look at our network (it's animated so be patient):

A machine on the Local Ethernet wants to go to the internet, it must traverse the FreeBSD machine (via their default gateway). It is the job of the FreeBSD machine to route them to the right place. However, you can see that the IP address of Workstation-1 is 192.168.0.10. The BSD machine must change that address before it sends the packets out to the internet. In fact, he must change the source address to an address that is routeable across the internet. Once the FreeBSD machine changes the address, the packets get sent out on the internet. When the packet returns, the same thing happens, but instead of changing the source address in the pakcet headers, it changes the destination address back to 192.168.0.10 and the packet gets sent back to your local workstation-1.

This process is called NAT or sometimes referred to as IP Maquerading. The point is that the client workstation does not have to know that this process is happening.

The program that does this change is called natd. natd is a userland daemon that runs seperate from the kernel on your FreeBSD machine.

So How does natd change the packets? Well, that is where ipfw comes in. Through the ipfw `divert` command packets are sent to natd first, natd changes the packet header information, then the packets get reinjected back into the "IP packet processing system" and away they go. (See figure 1.1 above).




Installation

natd comes default with system so you do not need to install it. However, the default kernel does not have support for "diverting" packets. You have to rebuild the kernel with this support. To do this :

	# cd /sys/i386/conf
	# cp GENERIC LOCAL
	# vi LOCAL

Add the following line into the file:

	optionsIPDIVERT

Save the file.  Then type:

	# config LOCAL
	# cd ../../compile/LOCAL
	# make depend && make && make install

You will see a bunch of garbage going across your screen.  When it is done:

	# vi /etc/rc.conf

Add the following line into this file:

	firewall_enable="YES"
	firewall_type="OPEN"
	gateway_enable="YES"
	natd_enable="YES"
	natd_interface="xl0"

Now you will need to reboot your system:

	# shutdown -r now

Your system will reboot and should come up with natd running. To verify lets see if everythings setup:

First let's check that the firewall has the proper ruleset running:

	# ipfw -a l
	00050 1566423  901667271 divert 8668 ip from any to any via xl0
	00100  116714   10731910 allow ip from any to any via lo0
	00200       0          0 deny ip from any to 127.0.0.0/8
	65000 3342945 1813053300 allow ip from any to any
	65535       0          0 deny ip from any to any

OK, looks as if the firewall is working. Let's look at what rule 50 above (first line) is doing. It basically says, "Send any packet incoming or outgoing on interface xl0 to port 8668 on the local machine".

Luckily natd is running on port 8668, so natd will get the packets from this line. After natd is done with the packets, they get reinjected at the next rule...in this case, it happens to be rule 100.

Now let's see if natd is running:

	# ps -auxw |grep nat
	root       182  0.0  1.4   528  180  ??  Rs   20Apr01  28:23.03 /sbin/natd -n xl0

WOW! it looks as if its running! The "-n" option tells natd to use the IP assigned to xl0 as the address to alias packets to. So when packets leave the local network their source address will be the address assigned to interface xl0. You added this option when you specified "natd_interface=xl0" in /etc/rc.conf above.

Let's test it out to see if we can get to the internet:
	# ping ftp.freebsd.org
	PING ftp.freebsd.org (209.180.6.225): 56 data bytes
	64 bytes from 209.180.6.225: icmp_seq=0 ttl=240 time=81.597 ms
	64 bytes from 209.180.6.225: icmp_seq=1 ttl=240 time=115.910 ms
	64 bytes from 209.180.6.225: icmp_seq=2 ttl=240 time=50.444 ms
	^C
	--- ftp.freebsd.org ping statistics ---
	3 packets transmitted, 3 packets received, 0% packet loss
	round-trip min/avg/max/stddev = 50.444/82.650/115.910/26.737 ms
	#

OMFG! It works...




natd redirection

OK, so natd is up and running, but what if we have a web server or dns server on the inside network. How can we extend service through the firewall to an internal machine on incoming requests from the internet? The answer is to supply options to natd to "point" to the right machine and service". For example, another diagram (hehe):

Since web server traffic runs on port 80 tcp we need to add the following option to nat:

natd -n xl0 -redirect_port tcp 192.168.0.10:80 80

The redirect_port option given to natd says "send any tcp traffic destined for port 80 to 192.168.0.10 on port 80".

Another option is to send all traffic destined for your outside IP (from the internet) to an internal machine. This option is called redirect_address. So the following line:

natd -n xl0 -redirect_address 192.168.0.10 20.30.40.50

The redirect_address option given to natd says "send ALL traffic destined for 20.30.40.50 (my outside IP) to 192.168.0.10". This option is sometimes called static nat, whereas normal nat operation is sometimes called PAT (Port Address Translation or Overloaded NAT).

Another point of interest for static nat is that internal machines that have a redirect_address option assigned to them will keep their public IP out on the internet. ie, They will appear to be coming from the public IP assigned to them by redirect_address when that machine is out on the internet. It's symmetrical!

These options can be added to /etc/rc.conf so they will stay in effect even after a reboot:

	natd_flags="-redirect_address 192.168.0.10 20.30.40.50"





Customizing natd

There are several options that can be given to natd to make it do really cool stuff. See the natd man page for more info.

If you look at these options they can be quite long. So I like to put them into a seperate config file...so let's do it



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